تاثیر کرونا بر کسب و کارهای کوچک و متوسط

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تاثیر کرونا بر کسب و کارهای کوچک و متوسط


استراتژی شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط در زمان بحران

کسب‌وکارها همگی تحت تأثیر گسترش ویروس کرونا قرار گرفته‌اند. سایۀ ترس بر تمام جوامع سایه افکنده و فعالیت‌های اقتصادی متوقف شده‌اند. در این میان شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط بیشتر از همه در معرض خطر هستند؛ زیرا سرمایۀ کمتری دارند و در بحران‌ها آسیب‌پذیرترند. در چنین شرایطی حسابداران می‌توانند وارد گود شوند و از دانش و خبرگی خود برای کمک به بقای شرکت‌ها بهره ببرند. این مقاله که در 12 مارس 2020 در سایت accaglobal.com منتشر شده است، علاوه بر بررسی تاثیر کرونا بر کسب و کارهای کوچک و متوسط ، گام‌هایی عملیاتی را نیز برای گذار از این وضعیت بحرانی پیشنهاد می‌دهد.


تاثیر کرونا بر کسب و کارهای کوچک نیز به وضوح قابل مشاهده است. کسب‌وکارهای کوچک در سراسر جهان با یکی از چالش‌برانگیزترین دوران تاریخ معاصر روبه‌رو هستند. گسترش کووید 19 یا ویروس کرونا این مشاغل را وامی‌دارد با محیطی نامطمئن، پیش‌بینی‌ناپذیر و به‌سرعت درحال‌تحول سازگار شوند.  شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط اکنون در میان مشاوره‌های ضدونقیض و گیج‌کننده یا حتی کمبود مشاوره سرگردان شده‌اند؛ هرچند، برای اطمینان از بقای کسب‌وکارشان باید بتوانند مسیر درست را بیابند و برگزینند.

وقتی تا همین جا برخی شرکت‌های بزرگ مثل شرکت هواپیمایی Flybe انگلستان زمین‌گیر شده‌اند، دور از ذهن نیست که شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط نتوانند این رکود را تاب بیاورند؛ زیرا علاوه بر اینکه تحت فشار کسب‌وکارهای بزرگ قرار دارند، باید با محدودیت‌های زنجیرۀ تأمین و مصائب نیروی کار هم دست‌وپنجه نرم کنند.



الکساندرا زارونینا (Aleksandra Zaronina) رئیس شرکت SME Professional Insights در انجمن حسابداران خبرۀ انگلستان (ACCA) می‌گوید: «ما از اتفاقات قبلی درس می‌گیریم، اما باید این واقعیت را درک کنیم که شرایط کشورهای مختلف با هم فرق دارد. همیشه راه‌حل‌هایی رسمی و غیررسمی وجود دارد و قبلاً دیده‌ایم که روش‌های متعددی برای حمایت از شرکت‌ها وجود دارد.»

زارونینا خاطرنشان می‌کند که شرکت‌های کوچک به جوامعی که در آن‌ها فعالیت می‌کنند بسیار نزدیک هستند و این جوامع هم کارمندان و هم بازار خدمات و محصولات آن‌ها را تأمین می‌کنند. این شبکه‌های غیررسمی می‌توانند راهی برای پشتیبانی از کسب‌وکارها فراهم کنند و به آن‌ها در بهبودی پس از شوک ناشی از عوامل خارجی مانند همه‌گیریِ فعلی کمک کنند.

به جرئت می‌توان گفت که نقدینگی مالی و جریان پولی مهم‌ترین نگرانی هر کسب‌وکاری است، صرف‌نظر از اینکه در کدام شهر و کشور فعالیت می‌کنند. زارونینا می‌گوید: «پرداخت‌های دیرهنگام و معوق حتی در زمان رونق بازار هم دردسرساز هستند، و احتمالاً با ادامۀ همه‌گیری کرونا فشار این چالش بیشتر هم می‌شود. دسترسی به منابع جایگزین مالی در کشورهای مختلف متفاوت است و اینجاست که حسابداران، به‌عنوان مشاوران کسب‌وکار، می‌توانند زمین بازی را تغییر دهند.»



اکنون زمان برنامه‌ریزی است

اما مهم‌تر از هر چیزی شرکت‌ها باید مطمئن شوند که برنامه‌ای مدون و سنجیده برای تداوم کسب‌وکارشان در اختیار دارند و این برنامه باید به‌طور مرتب به‌روز شود. چنین برنامه‌ای باید تأمین‌کنندگان را در نظر بگیرد، فهرست ریسک‌ها را به‌صورت جغرافیایی و همچنین بر اساس دسته‌بندی‌های صنعتی ارزیابی کند و راهنمایی‌های  جهانی را دنبال کند. زارونینا ادامه می‌دهد: «اما یادتان باشد که این برنامه حتماً به کارکنان اطلاع‌رسانی شود تا آن‌ها هم بتوانند مشارکت کنند. این فرهنگِ مشارکتی به همه حس مالکیت می‌بخشد.»



اما اگر کسب‌وکار شما در منطقه‌ای قرار دارد که به‌طور کامل قرنطینه شده است، احتمالاً هیچ‌کدام از این اقدامات کافی نیستند. جان کام (John Kam) از «انجمن حسابداران رسمی» (FCCA) که یک شرکت مشاوره‌ای زنجیرۀ تأمین چینی را اداره می‌کند، شرایط چین را شرح می‌دهد که در آنجا نزدیک به دو ماه تمام کسب‌وکارها تعطیل بودند. کام توضیح می دهد: «افرادی که در این شرکت‌ها کار می‌کردند تنها نیمی از حقوق خود را دریافت کردند؛ امری که قدرت خرید مردم را کم کرد. تئاترها و سینماها هم تعطیل بودند. صنعت خدمات به نیروی کاری بستگی دارد که از سایر مناطق به اینجا می‌آیند، و افت ناگهانی حمل‌ونقل و کاهش جابه‌جایی‌ها بسیاری از کسب‌وکارها را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است.

بااین‌حال کام اضافه می‌کند که دولت چین در سطح ملی، استانی، شهری و محله‌ای توانست سبد گسترده‌ای از انواع کمک‌ها و یارانه‌ها را برای کسب‌وکارهای آسیب‌دیده فراهم کند. این موارد شامل معافیت‌های مالیاتی، تأمین اجتماعی و تمدید وام‌های تجاری می‌شود. او می‌گوید: «دولت به حامی اصلی کسب‌وکارها تبدیل شده است.»

درحال‌حاضر در برخی کشورها، از جمله انگلستان، کمک‌هایی مشابه به کسب‌وکارهای کوچک ارائه می‌شود. ریشی سوناک (Rishi Sunak)، وزیر دارایی انگلیس، در سخنرانی‌اش در 11 مارس طیفی از اقدامات دولتی را رونمایی کرد: دولت هزینه‌های مرخصی و بیمۀ استعلاجی بنگاه‌هایی با کمتر از 250 کارمند را برای مدت دو هفته تأمین می‌کند، و درعین‌حال این شرکت‌ها می‌توانند به وام «شرایط غیرمترقبه کسب‌وکارها»  تا سقف 1.2 میلیون پوند نیز دسترسی داشته باشند. همچنین برخی از عوارض و مالیات‌های دولتی نیز لغو شده‌اند.


افراد، اولویت اول

اما نباید فراموش کنیم که مسئلۀ همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا قبل از هر چیز مسئله‌ای انسانی است. روسانا چوی (Rosanna Choi)، رئیس مجمع جهانی ACCA برای شرکت‌های کوچک و متوسط می‌گوید: «من و شریکم، قبل از مشاوره به مشتریان، اول باید مراقب کارکنان خودمان باشیم.»


روسانا چوی از واحد مدیریت خود خواسته است کارهای مقدماتی را انجام دهند، از جمله تهیه و توزیع مواد بهداشتی، ضدعفونی مکان‌های مهم شرکت، تقویت بازرسی و توجه به بهداشت حرفه‌ای، گزارش به‌موقع اطلاعات مرتبط بر اساس زمان‌بندی مشخص، و اقدامات پزشکی و قرنطینه برای کسانی که به مناطق آلوده رفت‌وآمد دارند. او می گوید: «از کارکنانمان خواستیم سفرهای خود طی 14 روز گذشته را گزارش دهند (برای بررسی اینکه آیا در مناطق پرخطر بوده‌اند یا خیر) و جلسات روزانه با مدیران داشتیم تا همۀ مدیران و کارکنان در جریان اطلاعات قرار گیرند و مشارکت کنند. این موضوع زمانی اهمیت می‌یابد که بدانیم بسیاری از مناطق مسکونی از اوایل فوریه بسته شدند (به‌دلیل سال نو چینی) و اجازۀ ورود غریبه‌ها را نمی‌دادند.»

خانم چوی می‌گوید: «در چین و هنگ‌کنگ مدرسه‌ها تعطیل شده‌اند و نیروهای امداد محلی مجبورند در استان‌های محل زندگی خود فعالیت کنند. والدین شاغل با تعطیلی مدارس و مهدکودک ها سعی می‌کنند بین رسیدگی به فرزندان و مدیریت کارهایشان تعادل ایجاد کنند. مهم‌تر از همه، آن‌ها باید ترس و عدم‌اطمینانی روبه‌رو شوند که این بیماری در پی داشته است. مدیران کسب‌وکارها باید دغدغه‌های همۀ کارکنان را درک کنند.»

هرچند، خانم چوی و دیگران بر این باورند که پس از گذار از این بحران می‌توان خبرهای خوبی هم شنید. در دل هر تهدیدی، فرصتی نیز نهفته است. در چند هفتۀ گذشته کارکنانم نسبت به تغییرات سازگارتر شده‌اند. کارایی ما بهبود یافته است و ارتباطمان قدرتمندتر شده است. در واقع اکنون بهترین فرصت برای ایجاد تغییرات مثبت است.»


گام‌های عملیاتی

برای کاهش تاثیر کرونا بر کسب و کارهای کوچک و متوسط و همینطور تقاضای بازار، می‌توانید اقدامات زیر را انجام دهید:

  • به‌دنبال راه‌های جایگزین برای ارائه خدمات و محصولات باشید.
  • منابع جایگزین عرضه را بیابید و مطمئن شوید که همۀ تخم‌مرغ‌هایتان را در یک سبد قرار نمی‌دهید، خواه در یک شرکت یا یک منطقۀ جغرافیایی.
  • مطمئن شوید که برنامه‌ای برای تداوم کسب‌وکارتان دارید و مرتباً آن را به‌روز می‌کنید. این برنامه باید ریسک‌های مرتبط با زنجیرۀ تأمین را لحاظ کند.
  • در پی یافتن منابع جایگزین مالی باشید، زیرا تأخیر در پرداخت‌ها به مسئله‌ای روبه‌رشد تبدیل خواهد شد.
  • بررسی کنید که دولت چه کمک‌هایی ارائه می‌دهد؛ ممکن است یارانه‌هایی برای شرکت‌های آسیب‌دیده ارائه شود، از جمله معافیت‌های مالیاتی، تأمین اجتماعی و وام‌های کسب‌وکار.
  • جلسات آنلاین منظم برگزار کنید تا با تأمین‌کنندگان، مشتریان و کارمندان در ارتباط باشید.
  • از کارمندانتان هم به‌صورت عملی و هم عاطفی پشتیبانی کنید و مرتباً به آن‌ها یادآوری کنید که در کنارشان هستید.

تصویر کلی

تأثیر کووید19 هم‌اینک آشکار شده است. مؤسسۀ آکسفود اکونومیکز (Oxford Economics) پیش‌بینی تولید ناخالص ملی در سطح جهان را برای سال 2020 به اندازۀ 2 درصد پیش‌بینی کرده، که 0.5 درصد کمتر از پیش‌بینی اولیه‌اش در ژانویه است. بازگشت کسب‌وکارها به روال عادی در چین آهسته‌تر از چیزی بوده که انتظارش می‌رفت، درحالی‌که گسترش کووید 19 و آشفتگی‌های متعاقبش در سایر مناطق در حال افزایش است.

این مؤسسه می‌گوید که با گسترش شیوع این بیماری در بسیاری از نقاط جهان، بازارهای بورس سیری نزولی در پیش گرفته‌اند و این ریسک جدی وجود دارد که «به‌موازاتی که اوضاع مالی دشوارتر می‌شود، شاهد اختلالی پایدار و چشمگیر باشیم.» این گزارش جمع‌بندی می‌کند که رکود جهانی هنوز پیامد ناگزیر این ویروس نیست، «اما افزایش تدریجی خبرهای بد ممکن است ما را به این سمت سوق بدهد».


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